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Qasim Amin
Qasim Amin (, Arabic: قاسم أمين; 1) (December 1863, in Alexandria〔Political and diplomatic history of the Arab world, 1900-1967, Menahem Mansoor〕 – April 22, 1908 in Cairo)〔 was an Egyptian jurist, Islamic Modernist and one of the founders of the Egyptian national movement and Cairo University. Qasim Amin was considered by many as the Arab world's "first feminist". An Egyptian philosopher, reformer, judge, member of Egypt's aristocratic class, and central figure of the Nahda Movement, Amin advocated Egyptian women's rights. He argued that refusing women their natural rights and treating them as "slaves of their husbands" with no identity of their own kept the nation in the dark.〔Tahrir al-mar'a ("The Liberation of Women"), Cairo 1899.〕
Greatly influenced by the works of Darwin, Amin is quoted to have said that "if Egyptians did not modernize along European lines and if they were 'unable to compete successfully in the struggle for survival they would be eliminated," by the works of Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill who argued for equality of the sexes and believed was analogous to the "evolution of societies from despotism to democracy, Amin believed that heightening a women's status in society would greatly improve the nation.〔Smith, Charles D. "Islam and The Search for Social Order in Modern Egypt: A Biography of Muhammad Husayn Haykal."Middle Eastern Studies. New York: State University of New York Press,1983 : 233.〕 His friendships with Mohammad Abduh and Sa'd Zaghlul also influenced this thinking. Amin blamed traditional Moslems for Egyptian women's oppression saying that the Quran did not teach this subjugation but rather supported women's rights. His beliefs were often supported by Quranic verses.〔"The Liberation of Women and The New Woman. Two Documents in the History of Egyptian Feminism," trans. S. Sidhom Peterson, Cairo 2000.〕 Born in an aristocratic family, his father was a Kurdistan governor, and his mother the daughter of an Egyptian aristocrat. Amin finished law school at 17 and was one of thirty seven to receive a government scholarship to study at the University of Montepellier, in France. It was said that there he was influenced by Western lifestyles, especially its treatment of women. This would soon be his role model in his struggle to liberate the Egyptian women. His crusade began when he wrote a rebuttal, "Les Egyptiens. Response a M. Le duc d'Harcourt" in 1894 to Duke d'Harcourt's work (1893), which downgraded Egyptian culture and its women.〔Les Egyptiens. Response a M. le Duc D'Harcourt, Cairo 1894.〕 Amin, not satisfied with his own rebuttal, wrote in 1899 Tahrir al mara'a (The Liberation of Women), in which he blamed Egyptian women's "veiling," their lack of education, and their "slavery," to Egyptian men as being the cause of Egypt's weakness.〔 He believed that Egyptian women were the backbone of a strong nationalistic people and therefore their roles in society should drastically change to better the Egyptian nation. Amin is known throughout Egypt as a member of the intellectual society who drew connections between education and nationalism leading to the development of Cairo University and the National Movement during the early 1900s.
==Early life==
Born to an aristocrat Ottoman Turkish father,〔Doria Shafik, Egyptian feminist: a woman apart, Cynthia Nelson〕 Amin lived a sheltered life among Egypt's political and wealthy elite. His father, Muhammed Bey Amin Khan, served as governor of Kurdistan before moving the family to Alexandria, Egypt where Amin was born. Qasim's father settled in Egypt and became the commander of Khedive Isma'il Pasha's army. Qasim's father held large feudal estates in Alexandria and Kurdistan.〔Amin, Qasim. ''The Liberation of Women: Two Documents in the History of Egyptian feminism.'' Tr. Samiha Sidhom Peterson. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2000, p. xi.〕 Qasim's mother was the daughter of Ahmad Bey Khattab an Egyptian member of Muhammad Ali Pasha's family.〔Gendered nations, nationalisms and gender order in the long nineteenth century, Ida Blom, Karen Hagemann, Catherine Hall〕 Qasim is recorded as a hereditary Bey both paternially and materinally in the 'Imperial and Asiatic quarterly review and oriental and colonial record'.〔The Imperial and asiatic quarterly review and oriental and colonial record, Oriental Institute (Woking, England), East India Association (London, England)〕〔The international who's who, Europa Publications, 1956〕
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